PPARD

The PPARD gene is involved in the fatty acid utilisation pathway. PPARD is a key regulator of fatty acid metabolism in muscles.

The TT genotype is associated with a very low activity of PPARD and less efficient energy utilisation from fatty acids. The CT genotype has an intermediate effect on energy substrate utilisation by enhancing fatty acid burning. 

Recommendations to increase PPARD activity thereby enhancing fatty acid utilisation include adding-in berberine, and naringenin (grapefruit).