The typical “mature woman” is aged 40 years or older and has completed childbearing. During their late 40’s, most women enter the menopausal transition. This period of physiological change is due to ovarian senescence (the process of deterioration with age) and estrogen decline and is usually completed between ages 51 and 56. Menopause marks a defining point in this transition. Specifically, menopause is defined by the World Health Organization as the point in time of permanent menstruation cessation due to loss of ovarian function. Clinically, the menopause refers to a point in time that follows 1 year after menstruation cessation. The time leading up to menopause is called perimenopause. With ovarian senescence, declining hormone levels have specific effects on many tissues. Some effects lead to physical complaints, such as vasomotor symptoms (night sweats, hot flashes, and flushes) and vaginal dryness, whereas others are metabolic and structural changes. These include osteopenia, osteoporosis, skin thinning, fatty replacement of the breast, cardiovascular changes, and genitourinary atrophy. As a result, postmenopausal women have specific issues associated with ageing and estrogen loss that may negatively affect their individual health
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